ETHICS and INTEGRITY

Ethics is universal while morality may not be :

  Ethics is known as moral philosophy which addresses questions of morality. The word "ethics" is "commonly used interchangeably with 'morality,' and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual. certain types of ethical theories distinguish between ethics and morals. Although the morality of people and their ethics amounts to the same thing, there is a usage that restricts morality to systems such as that of on notions such as duty, obligation, and principles of conduct, reserving ethics for the practical reasoning, based on the notion of a virtue, and generally avoiding the separation of 'moral' considerations from other practical considerations.

  Morality is the differentiation of intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are distinguished as proper and those that are improper. Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of conduct from a particular philosophy, religion, or culture, or it can derive from a standard that a person believes should be universal. Morality may also be specifically synonymous with "goodness" or "rightness"

  Linguist and political theorist Noam Chomsky states:

 if we adopt the principle of universality: if an action is right (or wrong) for others, it is right (or wrong) for us. Those who do not rise to the minimal moral level of applying to themselves the standards they apply to others—more stringent ones, in fact—plainly cannot be taken seriously when they speak of appropriateness of response; or of right and wrong, good and evil.

  R. W Hepburn, To move towards the objectivist pole is to argue that moral judgement s can be rationally defensible, true or false, that there are rational procedural tests for identifying morally impermissible actions, or that moral values exist independently of the feeling-states of individuals at particular times.

  Moral universal-ism is the meta ethical position that some system of ethics, or a universal ethic, applies universally, that is, for "all similarly situated individuals", regardless of culture, race, sex, religion nationally, sexual orientation, or any other distinguishing feature. Moral universal-ism is opposed to moral nihilism and moral relativism. However, not all forms of moral universal-ism are absolutist, nor are they necessarily value monist; many forms of universal-ism, such as utilitarianism are non-absolutist, and some forms,may be value pluralist.

Every tax is to the person who pays it a badge, not of slavery, but of liberty : 

(Adam Smith) 

  Taxation comes with government. people "must agree" to give up a little of their properity in order to maintain governments. what government do, even aside from protecting property, is important enough to justify taxation, and one ought generally to trust that the taxes get raised for these important purposes. One who objects to taxation really government itself. All governments must and do impose taxes on their subjects, and subjects are and should be willing to go along with such taxes in much the same way, and to much same degree, that they are willing to go along with the existence of government.

Indeed,Smith believes that people are generally proud to pay taxes. The fact that the government taxes them is a mark of their citizenship, a sign that they are free. "Every tax is to the person who pays it a badge, not of slavery,but of liberity". It denotes that he is subject to government, indeed, but that, as he has some property, he cannot himself be the property of master . Government expand everyone's liberty,protecting each of us against other people's love of domination, and the fact that we pay taxes to support the governments but a sign and a consequence of the freedom we thereby receive. as we saw above, Smith proclaims that people have a duty to pay for government, and that the more revenue they "enjoy under the protection of state," the more they ought to contribute to the state's unkeep.

  "So Smith does not see in taxation any presumptive challenge to our right of property. He does worry about injustice in the way taxes are imposed."

As free people, we recognize that the size of and the right to our (derived) property is the product of our shared activities. Even when we enjoy perfect liberty that is we can switch occupations freely, we are subject to government. So none of us can claim an inviolable, absolute right to all of it. One can see in this, a reflective endorsement from the perspective of having an equal authority to make claims and demands on one another at all.

Civils Aspirants about civils pattern :

Civils mains model expected questions:

1.  “Secularism does not mean recognising all religions. It means not recognising any 

     religion.” (Justice Vikramjit Sen). Comment.

2.  How does Digital India contribute to financial inclusion?

3.  “..internet is a powerful poverty alleviation tool.” Elaborate. 

4.  How is “zero effect’ growth achieved in India?

5.  In December 2015, the unanimous adoption of resolution 2253 under Chapter VII of the 

     United Nations Charter, by the Security Council is a blow to terrorism. How? 

6.  How do you define net neutrality? Contextualise the recent controversies in this regard in 

     India.

7. Write on the functions of Competition Commission of india . Does the CCI have a 

     role in the case of Free basics? 

8.  How far can the Odd-Even traffic formula of Delhi solve the problem of air pollution?

9.  Recommendations of Deepak Mohanty panel on agricultural subsidies. 

10. Kelkar panel on Public Private Partnerships. 

11. Advantages of bankruptcy code proposed by the Viswanathan panel.

Amartya Sen :

"Justice and Identity"

This paper discusses the relationship between justice and identity. While it is widely agreed that justice requires us to go beyond loyalty to our simplest identity – being just oneself – there is less common ground on how far we must go beyond self-centredness. How relevant are group identities to the requirements of justice, or must we transcend those too? The author draws attention to the trap of confinement to nationality and citizenship in determining the requirements of justice, particularly under the social-contract approach, and also to the danger of exclusive concentration on some other identity such as religion and race. He concludes that it is critically important to pay attention to every human being's multiple identities related to the different groups to which a person belongs; the priorities have to be chosen by reason, rather than any single identity being imposed on a person on grounds of some extrinsic precedence. Justice is closely linked with the pursuit of impartiality, but that pursuit has to be open rather than closed, resisting closure through nationality or ethnicity or any other allegedly all-conquering single identity.

India is the only country which is trying to get universal healthcare through the private sector.

There are a number of changes linking theory with empirical observations , that's a positive thing.there is much greater interest in not seeing analytical mathematical economics as a separate discipline from normal non-mathematical reasoning because we have to put them together. There are many lessons from traditional economics which have not been sufficiently well absorbed in policy making.

One, we need a succesful market economy for continued fast growth and development. Second, while the market economy does well for industries and agriculture, by and large, with a few exceptions, it does not do well for education and healthcare. Thirdly, the issue of asymmetric information: the fact that buyers don't know  what the seller is selling. The basic thing that alis the Indian people is lack of education, lack of healthcare and lack of social security. And nomatter how extraordinarily innovative-sounding these new schemes may be, it is not going to to take away from the fact that with an unhealthy, uneducated labour force, it is very difficult to generate income from them and very difficult for solidly-shared development growth at a high level to continue.

A country where half the population doesn't have a school to go to, to concentrate on the Internet is abit of a mistake.

WELCOME TO CIVILS ASPIRANTS

CURRENT EVENTS:  

* Fiscal consolidation : News realities demand revised goalsheets.

As the economy moves into the fourth quarter and the fiscal year 2015-16 nears its end,fresh factors- both global as well as domestic - have emerged during the period suggesting that the government would not be able to meet its budgeted fiscal targets,there by calling for their revision.

* Hopeful of gst bill in ensuing budget session :

The goods and services tax(GST) is already delayed and should have come much earlier. The GST regime,touted as the most important indirect tax reform since independence, aims to integrate central excise,service tax and state value-added tax. The constitution amendment bill hit a road block in Rajya Sabha,where the government does not have a majority. The Lok Sabha had passed the constitution amendment on GST.

*Water crisis will define 2016 : Government cannot do bring rain to the farmer, but there are some things it can do.

First, cooperative banks is almost defunct. its neither have resources to give new loans  nor is it easy to access funds.

Second, form packages for crop losses must be more transparent and in keeping with real losses.

Third, at the distirict and taluka levels ,the government machinery needs to be more responsive.

The government exercise some control over agricultural commodity prices and guarantees us a fair minimum price, there is no hope for us.

*The many must resist the some : The developed countries chip away at the egalitarian moorings of the WTO, India must work with like-minded countries to translate its agenda into actual results.

 Of equal importance is the need to prepare for the new issues, approaches and architecture that "sdome WTO members have expressed their desire for in the Nairobi Declaration. The recently concluded TPP agreement perhaps provides a clear glimpse of what these new issues are likely to be - environment, labour, investment, competition, government procurement, and so on, The WTO remains an institution that is worth preserving. India needs to approach it from a position of strength, with clesarly defined agendas, and with preparedness for the new challenges its presents.

* India  to pitch for TFA in services :

 India will pitch for a trade facilitation agreement(TFA) in services at the WTO andother bilateral free trade pacts as the sector has huge potential and it contributes significantly to the country's economy. India is already pushing hard for a comprehensive trade pact in the services sector, a key area of interest for the country, in the ongoing free trade agreement negotiations including with the European Union and Regional comprehensive economic partnership(RCEP). TFA in services means liberalized visa regime such as multiple entry visas,visa-free travel for foreign tourists and long term visas for business community. India is very strong in the services area as the sector contributes over 50 per cent in the country's economic growth. To boost services exports,the ministry is already working on some reform measures in sectors including educational and legal.